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International Leaders Champion Abolition of the Death Penalty in Malawi at UN Review

November 04, 2025

The event highlighted Malawi’s journey towards abolition, discussed remaining challenges, and shared best practices.

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Solidarity with the International Criminal Court

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November 18, 2025

International Justice Update - November 2025

PGA's Update on International Justice is provided as a resource to our members and the general public on important headlines on the Impunity Gap, Legislative and Parliamentary Developments and Judicial News.

The International Law and Human Rights Program prepares this update on International Justice for informational purposes only. Any opinions expressed in articles contained in this update are not necessarily endorsed by PGA or any individual/s associated with PGA; nor does PGA or any individual/s associated with PGA vouch for the accuracy of the contents of these articles. 2025November1–15 Highlight DRC On 12 November 2025, the Paris Criminal Court began the trial of former Congolese warlord Roger Lumbala Tshitenga, who faces charges of crimes against humanity. The trial is a significant step toward justice and accountability following decades of abuse and impunity for atrocities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Human Rights Watch Cooperation Italy, Libya On 5 November 2025, Libyan general Osama Almasri Najim, who is wanted by the ICC for war crimes and crimes against humanity, was arrested in Tripoli. He was previously arrested in Turin in January but later released and flown back to Tripoli, prompting criticism of the Italian government's failure to cooperate with the Court. The Guardian Impunity Gap Sudan On 3 November 2025, International Criminal Court prosecutors stated that they are gathering evidence of mass killings and rapes in al-Fashir, Sudan, following the city's seizure by paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. Since 2005, the ICC has been investigating allegations of genocide and war crimes in Darfur. Reuters, ICC ICC, Global On 11 November 2025, the United Nations General Assembly discussed the International Criminal Court's annual report. ICC President Tomoko Akane presented the court's report and urged Member States to defend the international legal system. UN EU, Ukraine On 11 November 2025, Euronews reported that the establishment of the Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine, agreed upon by the Council of Europe and Ukrainian President Zelenskyy, is at risk due to budget challenges among European nations to cover operational costs. Euronews Legislative/Parliamentary Developments US On 6 November 2025, Luis Moreno Ocampo, a former chief prosecutor at the International Criminal Court, told the BBC that recent US air strikes on alleged drug smuggling boats in the Caribbean Sea and the Eastern Pacific could be considered crimes against humanity under international law. Over the last two months, at least 66 people have been killed by the strikes. BBC Türkiye On 7 November 2025, the Istanbul prosecutor's office issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and 36 other Israeli officials, accusing them of genocide and crimes against humanity in Gaza. Al Jazeera Sudan, Global On 10 November 2025, foreign ministers and senior officials from multiple countries issued a joint statement condemning atrocities and violations of international humanitarian law in Sudan. UK Government Judicial Developments Uganda On 6 November 2025, the International Criminal Court's Pre-Trial Chamber III confirmed 39 charges against Joseph Kony, the Ugandan leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in northern Uganda between July 1, 2002, and December 31, 2005. ICC ICC On 10 November 2025, an amendment to the International Criminal Court's regulations went into effect. ICC judges amended regulation 23 to classify applications for arrest warrants or summons to appear as secret or under seal, unless otherwise authorized by a Chamber. ICC

October 11, 2025

PGA National Group in The Gambia leads the way on Gender Equality and Inclusive Leadership

The virtual briefing brought together members of parliament, civil society leaders, and international partners to reflect on both the progress made and the structural challenges that persist in ensuring that every girl in The Gambia can live free from violence, discrimination, and exclusion.

On the International Day of the Girl Child 2025, Parliamentarians for Global Action’s National Group in The Gambia, under the leadership of Hon. Abdoulie Ceesay, convened a cross-party high-level parliamentary dialogue to reaffirm The Gambia’s commitment to gender equality, the empowerment of girls, and the creation of inclusive political spaces for women. The virtual briefing brought together members of parliament, civil society leaders, and international partners to reflect on both the progress made and the structural challenges that persist in ensuring that every girl in The Gambia can live free from violence, discrimination, and exclusion. In his opening remarks, Hon. Ceesay highlighted the urgent need to move from commitment to implementation, emphasizing that while The Gambia has a solid legal framework protecting the rights of women and girls, gaps in enforcement and deep-rooted cultural practices continue to hinder progress. He further stressed the importance of legislative leadership in promoting justice, particularly in aligning customary, religious, and international laws to uphold the rights of girls in areas such as marriage, inheritance, and reproductive health. Removing Tax on Sanitary Pads: "A Matter of Dignity and Public Health" Hon. Ceesay also called for the elimination of import taxes on sanitary pads, framing menstrual hygiene as a public health and human rights issue. He argued that continued taxation of menstrual products disproportionately affects girls, especially those in rural areas, who may miss school, suffer embarrassment, or resort to unsafe alternatives during their periods. "As a father of two daughters, I know firsthand that sanitary pads are not a luxury — they are a necessity," he said. "Removing taxes on these essential products is a matter of dignity, health, and equality." His call to action echoes long-standing advocacy from grassroots organizations, such as Women in Liberation and Leadership, who have raised awareness on "period poverty" and its impact on education and social participation. Structural Barriers to Transformative Change Dr. Fatou Baldeh, founder of Women in Liberation and Leadership, delivered a powerful address underscoring the persistence of harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, child marriage, and sexual and gender-based violence. She emphasized the critical need for political will, legislative reform, and collaboration with civil society to shift social norms and ensure the safety and inclusion of girls. Participants also discussed several other actions to be taken: The need for greater representation and training for women in political spaces, including efforts that could re-introduce a gender quota bill to reserve at least 30% of parliamentary and local government seats in The Gambia for women. Although the bill failed to pass in the 5th Legislature due to political and procedural obstacles, renewed momentum aims to build consensus and ensure stronger women’s representation in decision-making. Support for policies that allow pregnant girls and adolescent mothers to stay in school. The importance of strengthening oversight bodies such as the National Human Rights Commission and the Office of the Ombudsman to promote greater accountability, transparency, and equal protection under the law. By equipping these bodies with sufficient resources, independence, and authority, they can more effectively safeguard rights, address discrimination, and reinforce public trust in democratic governance. Notably, Hon. Gibbi Mballow shared personal experiences of backlash faced by MPs who speak out against female genital mutilation, underscoring the risks and resistance encountered in pushing for gender-sensitive reforms. He called for greater public awareness and education, and stronger enforcement of legislative reforms. The dialogue also highlighted key national initiatives under way in The Gambia: The National Gender Policy 2025 - 2034, which provides a comprehensive framework to mainstream gender equality across all sectors. The Strategic Plan 2025 - 2030, which outlines a roadmap for implementing gender commitments through cross-sectoral collaboration. Plans to host a regional Women, Peace and Security training in 2025, displaying leadership in gender-inclusive peacebuilding. Towards Real Change: A Shared Responsibility Ms. Melissa Verpile, Director of Democracy, Gender, and Inclusion at Parliamentarians for Global Action, closed the session by reaffirming support for The Gambia’s efforts and encouraging legislators to be bold in translating principles into practice. Participants left the convening with the following key steps for further action: Menstrual health must be addressed through practical policies, including tax exemptions on sanitary products. Customary and international laws must be harmonized to uphold gender equality in all spheres of life. Civil society partnerships are essential for reaching communities, challenging norms, and providing support to survivors. Political representation of women and girls must be increased through quotas, mentorship, and capacity building. Oversight and enforcement mechanisms must be strengthened to ensure that rights are protected and violators held accountable. This year’s commemoration of the International Day of the Girl Child in The Gambia served, as more than a symbolic observance, it was a strategic platform for action. Parliamentarians for Global Action celebrates the leadership of its National Group in The Gambia and calls on parliamentarians worldwide to continue building inclusive, safe, and equitable political spaces, where girls today can become the empowered women leaders of tomorrow.

October 09, 2025

We Call Upon Parliamentarians to Take Action on this World Day Against the Death Penalty 2025

Each year on 10 October, the global abolitionist movement comes together to observe the World Day Against the Death Penalty. In 2024 and 2025, the focus has been on addressing the myth that the death penalty ensures safety, with the message: “The Death Penalty Protects No One: Abolish it Now.” A primary duty of any country’s government is to ensure the security of citizens. Living in a safe and secure society not only means living in a community free from conflict. It also requires creating the conditions that foster peace, uphold accountability, and protect individuals from threats and violations of their fundamental rights and freedoms. The death penalty has no place in these societies. We are living in challenging times, marked by escalating global crises and the erosion of the rules-based international order. But as complex as the current context may be, no one should justify executions as a means of strengthening security. The death penalty protects no one, and to claim otherwise, is both false and dangerous. The use of capital punishment perpetuates cycles of violence and disproportionately targets marginalized and vulnerable communities. It is an ineffective, irreversible punishment that amounts to torture and other cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. A year of contrasts for abolitionists The World Day Against the Death Penalty’s bi-yearly theme has focused on the link between the death penalty and security, challenging the false narrative that executions ensure safety. It highlights the progress gained by advocates for abolition: fewer countries are carrying out executions and retentionist countries are increasingly isolated. Today, 113 countries have abolished the death penalty in law and 29 countries observe a moratorium on executions. This means that 77% of the world’s countries no longer carry out executions. Yet despite this progress, there has been a sharp rise in executions, with at least 1,518 people executed in 2024 across just 15 countries — the second consecutive year in which executions reached their highest level since 2015 according to Amnesty International. This alarming trend has continued into 2025, with more than 1,000 executions already recorded in Iran alone — the highest figure in over three decades according to the NGO Iran Human Rights. Many of these recorded executions are carried out under the guise of maintaining public order (despite clear evidence that the death penalty does not deter crimes). They also violate international law, as they fail to meet the “most serious crimes” threshold (defined as crimes of extreme gravity involving intentional killing). For example, in 2024, 43% of recorded executions were for drug-related offences, which do not meet this criterion. While there is growing consensus to put an end to the death penalty, continued action is vital to prevent backsliding and promote universal abolition. The international community must redouble efforts to combat punitive narratives and to reaffirm a human rights-based approach to justice and security. Dangerous revivals: security as a pretext for executions In several countries, some political leaders are reviving rhetoric that equates security with punishment, calling for reinforcement or even the reintroduction of capital punishment. Some very recent developments are particularly worrying: United States: a Presidential proclamation reintroduces the death penalty in Washington D.C. to “deter and punish the most heinous crimes.” Kyrgyzstan: the President instructed the drafting of a bill to reinstate the death penalty for severe crimes against children and women, despite the country’s abolition in 2007 and its commitment under the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to abolish the death penalty. Chad: a new commission has been established to consider restoring the death penalty, only four years after the country abolished the death penalty. Israel: a bill allowing the death penalty for “terrorist” crimes has passed its first reading. Invoking “security” to justify executions is common political rhetoric. Security comes by addressing the root causes of violence, ensuring the good management of security and justice sectors, while promoting accountability. Resorting to the death penalty only deepens social divisions, entrenches unfairness and replaces justice with vengeance. Even in the most difficult contexts of insecurity and conflict, we have chosen the path of abolition – proof that strong political will can pave the way for positive change. We know that executions bring neither peace nor justice. Only truth, accountability and reparations can do that. Abolishing the death penalty means investing in human rights. I call on my fellow parliamentarians around the world to work together to ensure that the death penalty becomes a thing of the past. Hon. Émilie Béatrice Epaye, MP (Central African Republic), member of Parliamentarians for Global Action Parliamentarians at the forefront of abolition Parliamentarians have a crucial role to play in advancing universal abolition of the death penalty and countering the narrative that seek to justify it, whether they hold roles in abolitionist, abolitionist in practice, or retentionist countries. Legislators have the power to amend, draft, and adopt legislations that narrow the scope of the death penalty and lead to its eventual abolition. To support these efforts, Parliamentarians for Global Action and the World Coalition Against the Death Penalty published a factsheet in honor of World Day: “The Death Penalty Protects No One.” The publication outlines how governments have used “security” as a political tool to justify executions and provides parliamentarians with clear arguments and practical steps to counter these false narratives and drive action towards universal abolition. As punitive narratives regain ground in many parts of the world, this work has never been more urgent. Executions neither deter crime nor promote safety: they perpetuate fear and inequality. Parliamentarians, regardless of their country’s current stance on the death penalty, can take concrete action to promote universal abolition: Support or initiate legislative efforts that restrict and ultimately abolish capital punishment. Collaborate with like-minded parliamentarians across party lines to identify legislative strategies for universal abolition. Promote the universal ratification or accession to relevant regional or international instruments, such as the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to abolish the death penalty. Challenge pro-death penalty narratives, including by publicly committing not to call for its use, even in contexts of insecurity, and promoting stronger accountability systems and policies that address the root causes of violence. Promote dialogue about justice, security, and human rights, and engage with citizens, victims’ associations, civil society organizations, and other relevant stakeholders. On this World Day, PGA call on its members to stand with the abolitionist movement, reaffirming a clear message: the death penalty protects no-one, abolish it now.

September 19, 2025

A Historic Milestone in High Seas Ocean Governance

In a momentous display of effective global cooperation, the High Seas Treaty achieved 60 ratifications.

On September 19, 2025, in a momentous display of effective global cooperation, the High Seas Treaty achieved 60 ratifications, triggering its entry into force. This is a historic milestone for ocean governance and the first international, legally binding framework for the protection of the high seas. The Treaty will enter into force on January 17, 2026. Two years after the finalization of the Treaty text, countries from every region of the world have come together to accelerate multilateral action towards the Treaty’s realization. The Treaty establishes a framework for the creation of marine protected areas, or MPAs, in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In doing so, it reinforces the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and contributes to achieving the 30 by 30 goal to protect at least 30 percent of the ocean by 2030, as established in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Parliamentarians have championed the Treaty as an effective tool for global governance through PGA’s Oceans Campaign since 2019, and we look forward to continuing this historic momentum towards its effective implementation to protect this common heritage of humankind. Over the years, PGA members have championed the protection of the high seas. A few statements below showing their support: Our oceans are the lifeblood of our planet, and their health is directly tied to our right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment for present and future generations. As we face the triple planetary crisis of biodiversity loss, pollution, and climate change, the need to protect our oceans has never been more urgent. Supporting the High Seas Treaty is a crucial step in this fight … As Parliamentarians, we must sign on to the High Seas Treaty as we must be committed to human rights and sustainable development. Hon. Naveed Qamar Syed, MP (Pakistan) PGA President I am truly delighted that the BBNJ Agreement has now reached 60 ratifications. Even though I come from a landlocked country, I know that healthy oceans are essential for the wellbeing of our entire planet and for all of humanity. The high seas regulate our climate, provide food and livelihoods, and are home to an incredible diversity of life. This milestone is therefore much more than a legal achievement – it is a strong step toward protecting marine biodiversity, strengthening global cooperation, and safeguarding our shared future.Ms. Petra Bayr, MP (Austria), PGA Treasurer The 60th ratification of the High Seas Treaty is a historic milestone for humanity and for the health of our planet. As parliamentarians, we understand that our oceans know no borders, and their protection demands bold collective action. This achievement reflects years of tireless advocacy, including the leadership of PGA members, to safeguard biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. It is now our duty to ensure that this Treaty is fully implemented, so that future generations inherit oceans that are resilient, thriving, and a source of shared prosperity.Hon. Amanza Walton-Desir, MP (Guyana), PGA Board Member With The Gambia's ratification bringing the BBNJ into force for 60 parties, the international community rededicates itself to safeguarding marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. This historic milestone reinforces the UN's commitment to shared stewardship, equitable benefit-sharing, and capacity-building—ensuring sustainable ocean governance for current and future generations and resilient coastal communities. Hon. Abdoulie Ceesay, MP (The Gambia) Anything that protects our planet deserves solid words and actions. Its preservation, therefore, must be our primary objective. The High Seas Treaty is necessary to safeguard the oceans.Hon. Roger Mancienne, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Seychelles during PGA’s 3rd CAP-Oceans I want Seychelles to be one of the first countries to ratify the High Seas Treaty and it is my job to bring Treaty ratification to the floor for a vote.Hon. Bernard Georges, MP (Seychelles) during PGA’s 3rd CAP-Oceans It was my love for the ocean that first brought me into politics. As both a marine biologist and a Swedish parliamentarian, I am truly delighted by the adoption of the BBNJ Agreement. This treaty is a milestone for protecting life in the high seas and for restoring faith in international cooperation. I hope countries will move swiftly towards ratification so that this historic achievement becomes real protection for our shared ocean. Ms. Emma Nohrén, MP (Sweden) Any effort made in the direction of protecting the seas is an effort that we must support. This agreement goes in that direction, especially in those areas of the sea that are not part of the EEZ of the countries.Dep. Felix Gonzalez (Chile) As the first landlocked country to ratify the High Seas Treaty, Malawi’s ratification comes as an important step towards environmental protection that benefits all of humankind. The urgent entry into force of this Treaty is vital to protect our oceans, our planet, and all people for generations to come.Hon. Roseby Gadama, MP (Malawi) The future of marine ecosystems and livelihoods around the world depends on decisive action to protect marine biodiversity and to promote responsible and sustainable ocean use. Ratifying the High Seas Treaty is one clear action that addresses these environmental challenges in a meaningful way.Hon. Valerie Woods, MP, Speaker of the House of Representatives of Belize, PGA Board Member We need to protect the human rights of our constituents to a healthy environment. The high seas are two-thirds of the oceans, essential to the livelihoods of millions of people. I suggest that MPs share lessons learned through PGA National Groups to assure that the Treaty becomes a reality, including experiences through ratification and implementation of other TreatiesMr. Patrick Kensenhuis, former member of parliament in Suriname during PGA’s 3rd CAP-Oceans The High Seas Treaty demonstrates our government’s willingness to prioritize our oceans’ health … For us, as MPs concerned with the objectives of the BBNJ, it is essential to note that deep sea mining is inconsistent with the Treaty’s objective.Hon. Ralph Regenvanu, MP (Vanuatu) during PGA’s 3rd CAP-Oceans

September 05, 2025

Gender Apartheid – Policy Brief

Parliamentarians can play a critical role in advocating for the recognition and codification of gender apartheid as a crime under international law, as well as in promoting solidarity and support for the voices of Afghan and Iranian women.

Background The call to recognize the crime of gender apartheid as a crime against humanity first emerged in the 1990s, when UN experts reported that the Taliban had “introduced what is in point of fact a system of apartheid in respect of women.” Yet, no concrete action led to enshrining this crime in international law, leaving a persistent accountability gap for its survivors and victims. Gender apartheid is unique in its intent and institutionalized character: it aims not only to discriminate against a group based on their gender identity through inhumane acts, but also to establish and maintain a system of domination and total exclusion of that group from the social, economic, cultural, and political life of a country. The Taliban’s return to power in 2021 has underscored the urgent need to recognize gender apartheid. Through state-imposed laws and institutionalized practices, Afghan women and girls are excluded from education, employment, healthcare, political participation, and any kind of public engagement. They are denied their human rights and control over their own bodies and lives. Afghan and Iranian women’s rights defenders are leading the global campaign for recognition of this crime through the End Gender Apartheid initiative. Their demand is clear: the international community must codify gender apartheid as a crime against humanity and take decisive action to dismantle and prevent gender apartheid regimes. Parliamentarians can play a critical role in advocating for the recognition and codification of gender apartheid as a crime under international law, as well as in promoting solidarity and support for the voices of Afghan and Iranian women. What is gender apartheid? The crime of apartheid is an internationally recognized crime against humanity, rooted in the history of South Africa. The International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court define it as the institutionalized domination of one racial or ethnic group over another. However, neither of these instruments extends the concept to include gender-based forms of apartheid. UN experts and human rights advocates have documented gender persecutions and violations in countries such as Afghanistan and Iran, where state-designed, coordinated, and institutionalized mechanisms are used to oppress a specific group based on their gender. This results in their exclusion and separation from the country’s social, economic, cultural, and political life. In Afghanistan, the elimination of rights and freedoms of women and girls, imposed by Taliban laws, policies, and practices, reflects the system of apartheid based on gender. The current definition of the crime of apartheid in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court should therefore be adapted to recognize gender apartheid, conceptualized as: “inhumane acts committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one gender group over any other gender group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime.” Why recognizing and naming gender apartheid matters Under international law, there is currently no recognition of the crime of gender apartheid. While available legal tools, such as the crime of gender persecution, address the existence of serious violations depriving individuals of rights on the basis of gender, they do not account for the systematic, state-designed, and institutionalized nature of gender apartheid. Nor do they reflect the specific intent to maintain a regime of domination, which is an element that distinguishes apartheid from other crimes against humanity. In the fight against impunity, crimes must be named, defined, and codified to ensure that perpetrators are held accountable, victims and survivors obtain justice and reparations, and future violations are prevented. Without codification in legal frameworks, the cycle of violence cannot be broken, leaving victims and survivors without remedies and perpetuating an accountability gap. Recognizing gender apartheid as a crime against humanity would complement existing provisions on gender-based crimes and human rights violations, while creating a stronger legal framework to hold accountable regimes that seek to erase women and girls from the social, economic, cultural, and political life of a country. Ongoing developments and opportunities for recognition of the crime of gender apartheid The leadership of Afghan and Iranian women’s rights defenders has grown momentum to codify the crime of gender apartheid as a crime against humanity. The term is now increasingly used by experts, civil society organizations, parliamentarians, and other stakeholders, creating a unique window of opportunity to recognize it under international law. 1) The Convention on Crimes Against Humanity The most immediate and concrete opportunity lies in the ongoing negotiations of a new UN Convention on Crimes Against Humanity, where countries could ensure that gender apartheid is explicitly recognized and defined. This process requires strong political support to avoid gender apartheid being sidelined. In November 2024, countries adopted a resolution mandating a Conference of Plenipotentiaries to convene in 2028 and then in 2029, to negotiate the final text of the Convention with the aim of opening it for signature and ratification thereafter. During 2026, a preparatory committee will review draft articles and consider proposed amendments, thus providing an opening to advocate for the inclusion of gender apartheid in the Convention. 2) Amending the Rome Statute A parallel path to include gender apartheid as an international crime is to amend the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, granting the Court the mandate to investigate this crime and prosecute its perpetrators — thereby recognizing the individual criminal responsibility in the commitment of this crime. This route, however, may be lengthy and would require significant political will: any State Party to the Rome Statute may propose amendments, which must be adopted by consensus or a two-thirds majority of States Parties at the Assembly of States Parties or a Review Conference. To date, no formal amendment on this matter has been introduced, making this a crucial moment to open debate among States Parties to take leadership in advancing recognition of gender apartheid within the Rome Statute system. 3) Collecting data in line with the SDGs To ensure effective monitoring and accountability, parliamentarians should call for the systematic tracking of indicators that reveal the scope and impact of gender apartheid, framed within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These include access to education (SDG 4), particularly the enrollment and attendance of girls at the secondary and tertiary levels; women’s participation in the labor force and access to decent work (SDG 8); restrictions on freedom of movement, including the enforcement of male guardianship and compulsory dress codes (SDG 5 and SDG 16); and the prevalence of punishments, arrests, and surveillance technologies used to enforce gender-based segregation (SDG 9 and SDG 16). By collecting and publishing disaggregated data on these indicators, parliaments can both identify areas where systemic oppression persists and evaluate progress toward achieving gender equality under SDG 5. Given the upcoming United Nations General Assembly in September 2025 in New York, parliamentarians have a timely opportunity to advocate for the integration of these indicators into global reporting frameworks, thereby strengthening international consensus and accountability on eliminating gender apartheid. What can parliamentarians do? Parliamentarians can open debates on gender apartheid to push the issue to the top of national and international agendas and to adopt recommendations for its legal codification and global recognition. As a parliamentarian, you can: Advocate for the recognition and codification of gender apartheid: Call on your government to support the inclusion of gender apartheid in the draft UN Convention on Crimes Against Humanity. Call on your government to initiate support for proposing an amendment to include gender apartheid in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Establish parliamentary working groups and issue parliamentary resolutions dedicated to the recognition and codification of gender apartheid at the national, regional, and international levels. Promote solidarity and support: Elevate the voices of Afghan and Iranian women’s rights defenders leading the global campaign to End Gender Apartheid, notably by including them in any discussions or events related to the issue. Engage with international organizations and civil society groups to raise awareness and advocate for the inclusion of gender apartheid under international law. Ensure effective monitoring: Call for the systematic tracking of indicators that reveal the scope and impact of gender apartheid, framed within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Parliamentary actions by PGA members In the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: Petra Bayr, MP (Austria) and member of PGA Executive Committee, introduced a resolution adopted on June 26, 2025 urging “Council of Europe member States that are Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to consider proposing an amendment to the statute in order to include the crime of ‘gender apartheid’.” In the Netherlands: PGA organized a roundtable on gender justice for Afghanistan in June 2025 bringing together Dutch Senators, Afghan parliamentarians in exile, and experts to foster dialogue on the need for gender accountability in Afghanistan and the recognition of gender apartheid. In the European Parliament: Members — including PGA member Hannah Neumann, MP (Germany) — tabled a motion for a resolution adopted on September 19, 2024, calling the “EU to support the recognition of gender apartheid as a crime against humanity.” In Canada: on April 18, 2024, Mr. Ali Ehsassi, chair of PGA’s International Council, introduced two petitions in the Senate of Canada, on behalf of Afghan and Iranian women, respectively. The petitions demanded that international institutions recognize gender apartheid as a crime against humanity under international law, advocating for feminist principles and for universalism of human rights to be reflected in existing and emergent international law. The petitions urged other countries to take steps to adopt similar policies. In the United Kingdom: In 2024, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws LT KC, director of the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and PGA member, established an ad-hoc parliamentary inquiry on gender apartheid to examine the issue and push for government action.

August 29, 2025

Episode 22: Ms. Petra Bayr, MP (Austria) and Hon. Amanza Walton Desir, MP (Guyana) on PGA Oceans Campaign

PGA Treasurer, Ms. Petra Bayr, MP (Austria) and PGA Board Member, Hon. Amanza Walton Desir, MP (Guyana), reflect on PGA’s Oceans Campaign, highlighting the inextricable link between human rights and the health of our oceans. They underscore the urgent need to advance the High Seas Treaty to protect marine ecosystems, uphold human rights, and secure the livelihoods of communities that depend on the ocean. In 2022, the UN General Assembly recognized a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as a universal human right (Resolution 76/300). Climate change, a threat multiplier, has placed already disenfranchised populations to bear the increasing cost of its impacts. Climate health is directly linked to the Oceans as they serve as a vital buffer against climate change, absorbing nearly one-quarter of carbon dioxide emissions and roughly 90 percent of the excess heat generated by greenhouse gas emissions. Climate threats are adversely affecting both marine and land ecosystems and populations on the forefront. Human rights defenders on environmental matters are urgently mobilizing to protect this recently adopted universal human right. Protections for both human rights defenders on environmental matters, including for Oceans and land are more urgent now than ever before. Through the Campaign to Mobilize Parliamentarians on Climate Action and the Campaign for the Protection of the Oceans and Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14, PGA Members champion these human rights protections and call for an end to impunity for crimes committed on and against the world’s oceans and their related human rights violations. The Insights by Lawmakers on Human Rights and the Environment series (#InsightsByLawmakers) highlights ongoing efforts, national experiences, lessons learned and good practices implemented by parliamentarians to advance the goals of these Campaigns. In each episode, lawmakers from around the world share their insights, raising awareness and underlining the importance of taking action to protect our Ocean, our planet, and all human rights defenders on environmental matters.

August 09, 2025

International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples

This year’s theme, “Indigenous Peoples and AI: Defending Rights, Shaping Futures,” highlights the opportunities and challenges that artificial intelligence presents for Indigenous communities.

International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples is held annually on 9 August since 1994. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) adopted this Day to honor Indigenous Peoples, recognize their knowledge systems, and promote their rights. This year’s theme, “Indigenous Peoples and AI: Defending Rights, Shaping Futures,” highlights the opportunities and challenges that artificial intelligence presents for Indigenous communities in helping preserve endangered languages, mapping ancestral lands, and amplifying Indigenous knowledge in the fight against climate change. Yet, without the full and meaningful participation of Indigenous Peoples, these technologies risk reinforcing exclusion and violating their rights. Visit PGA’s resources to learn more about two landmark agreements that elevate the voices and rights of Indigenous Peoples: the Escazú Agreement— ensuring access rights in Latin America and the Caribbean, and protecting all human rights defenders in environmental matters, including Indigenous Peoples; and the High Seas Treaty—recognizing the importance of traditional knowledge from Indigenous communities in protecting marine biodiversity. Factsheet for Parliamentarians: United Nations High Seas Treaty, a Historic Agreement to Protect the Ocean Toolkit for Parliamentarians: the Escazu Agreement, Promoting Human Rights in Environmental Matters

July 18, 2025

Parliamentarians Demand Progress on the Crime of Aggression

July 17, 2025

Victims ignored, justice denied - ACT NOW!

On the 27th anniversary of the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Global Initiative Against Impunity reaffirms the essential role of international justice in upholding the international rules-based order.

Day of International Criminal Justice – Global Initiative against Impunity Statement On the 27th anniversary of the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Global Initiative Against Impunity reaffirms the essential role of international justice in upholding the international rules-based order. Victims and survivors of atrocity crimes must be at the heart of these processes and have the right to meaningful, equal, and effective access to justice and reparation. In the face of unprecedented threats over the past year, international justice mechanisms have demonstrated resilience and resolve. Nonetheless, we remain deeply concerned about the continued erosion of accountability that jeopardizes victims’ rights and weakens the international rule of law. In many contexts, transitional justice efforts are being undermined or co-opted, failing to confront the root causes of violence or deliver redress to those most affected. We have witnessed selective responses driven by political interests, interference and attacks that threaten the independence, impartiality and effectiveness of judicial bodies. The absence of concrete and coordinated action to preserve the international justice system—often in defiance of States’ obligations under international law—has allowed atrocities to persist and escalate, causing devastating suffering for civilians. In this difficult context, it is even more inspiring to see the unwavering commitment of human rights defenders and civil society in their fight against impunity, despite the risks they face, sometimes at the cost of their lives. Many have pursued legal action, documented and denounced atrocities, or mobilized international and national solidarity through public demonstrations. Survivors, victims’ groups, and affected communities have taken up the charge to lead efforts to demand truth, justice, and reparation, including guarantees of non-recurrence, even in the absence of institutional support, and the dearth of funding. Such determination for justice to prevail and for perpetrators to be held accountable must remain our shared guiding principles in the pursuit of international justice. To preserve the international justice system that we have collectively built over decades, we must demonstrate our commitment to human rights and democracy through firm and bold action. This moment demands responsibility from all stakeholders—States and decision-makers, international organizations, and corporate actors—to uphold their international obligations and reinforce the fight against impunity. In particular, the Global Initiative Against Impunity urges all States to deploy every tool at their disposal—legal, political, diplomatic, and economic—to honor their commitments and to: Ensure the safe and equal access of victims and survivors of international crimes, including by supporting meaningful participation in judicial processes and the implementation of reparations frameworks. This includes investing in survivor-centred, trauma-informed mechanisms that go beyond consultation and enable co-creation of justice processes at local, national, regional, and international levels. Take effective and coordinated actions to unequivocally support and strengthen international justice institutions and those who defend them, by adopting legal instruments and other safeguards that adequately protect these bodies and individuals, and by ensuring sustainable financial support. Support UN accountability mechanisms and experts in their efforts to access victims, investigate, protect, advocate for human rights, and bring about justice for international crimes. This includes adopting a firm stance and taking action, including through diplomatic pressure, in response to smear campaigns and attacks against them. Implement decisive measures to prevent international crimes and serious human rights violations, as well as the risk of complicity through activities that benefit from their commission, and ensure accountability for all perpetrators, whether individuals, states, or corporate actors. This includes respecting international legal obligations, complying with the International Court of Justice’s advisory opinions and judgments, and fully cooperating with the International Criminal Court. On the Day of International Criminal Justice, the Global Initiative Against Impunity reaffirms its commitment to advancing comprehensive justice and accountability for international crimes and serious human rights violations across the globe—including through inclusive, locally rooted transitional justice approaches that challenge structural impunity and foster long-term peace and equality—until justice works, everywhere and for all. About the Global Initiative Against Impunity The Global Initiative Against Impunity for international crimes: Making justice work (GIAI) is a Consortium of eight international NGOs and the Coalition for the ICC, co-funded by the European Union, which aims to contribute to the fight against impunity by supporting a comprehensive, integrated, and inclusive approach to justice and accountability for serious human rights violations and international crimes.

June 30, 2025

Democracy in Action: The Vital Role of Parliaments

We reaffirm our unwavering commitment to strengthening democratic institutions, defending human rights, and promoting inclusive governance

On this International Day of Parliamentarism, celebrated every year on June 30, Parliamentarians for Global Action reaffirms our unwavering commitment to strengthening democratic institutions, defending human rights, and promoting inclusive governance. As a global, cross-party network of committed legislators, we believe that democracy is not only a goal but an ongoing process that must be continually renewed, protected, and deepened. It is through active, transparent, and accountable parliaments that the will of the people is translated into laws, oversight, and meaningful public policy. At our last Annual Forum in Pakistan, parliamentarians from every region reaffirmed that democracy must be safeguarded through action, not just aspiration. On this International Day of Parliamentarism, we renew our collective resolve to build inclusive, accountable, and rights-based institutions that truly serve the people." Hon. Naveed Qamar, MP (Pakistan), President, Parliamentarians for Global Action Parliamentarians for Global Action remains dedicated to equipping parliamentarians with the tools, knowledge, and global solidarity needed to uphold democratic values and advance justice, equality, and peace. As a network that champions inclusive leadership, we actively support efforts to ensure that women and gender-diverse voices are fully represented and empowered at every level of decision-making. Achieving gender equality in parliaments is not only a matter of representation, it is essential to building laws and policies that reflect the realities of all people. Societies thrive when people are empowered to contribute, engage, and hold power to account, regardless of background, identity, or belief. Today’s observance underscores that the legitimacy of democratic systems depends on the full and equal participation of all members of society. Together with civil society organizations and partners around the world, we will continue working to ensure that parliaments remain strongholds of democracy and engines of positive change for all.

June 25, 2025

Afghan Women on the Front Lines for Gender Justice

On June 19, 2025, Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA) organized a high-level roundtable under the Global Initiative Against Impunity to foster dialogue on the need for stronger gender justice accountability in Afghanistan.

Human rights in Afghanistan have continued to deteriorate gravely under the Taliban regime, which has implemented systematic oppression and targeted discrimination against women and girls. Experts consider that this institutionalized discrimination amounts to “gender apartheid,” defined as an “extreme, systematic and structural war against [women] … designed to dehumanize and repress for purposes of entrenching power.” On June 19, 2025, Parliamentarians for Global Action (PGA) organized a high-level roundtable under the Global Initiative Against Impunity to foster dialogue on the need for stronger gender justice accountability in Afghanistan. The Senate of the Netherlands generously hosted the event, welcoming Afghan parliamentarians in exile, Afghan human rights defenders, Dutch senators, international experts, and representatives from civil society organizations and countries. Advocating for Accountability in Afghanistan “We are together in this fight,” declared Senator Jan Anthonie Bruijn, chairman of the Senate of the Netherlands, affirming the shared commitment to defend and promote the rule of law and democracy. Senator Boris Dittrich (Netherlands) and convenor of our Campaign for the Rome Statute of the ICC, underscored the international community’s collective responsibility to ensure that the people of Afghanistan, particularly Afghan women, are not left behind. He called on all stakeholders to speak out and utilize every international justice tool to deliver accountability and end impunity, especially as the global justice system faces increasing pressure and growing threats. Afghan leaders in exile, who remain deeply connected to Afghans on the ground, expressed concerns about the marginalization of Afghan women and civil society. Ms. Fawzi Koofi, former MP in exile (Afghanistan) and recipient of PGA’s 2024 Defender of Democracy Award, highlighted the interconnectedness among human rights, women’s rights, peace, and security. She warned against granting the Taliban any form of recognition, including in their counterterrorism claims, as they represent the primary source of insecurity. No step should be taken at the expense of Afghan society, and Afghans, including Afghan women, must remain at the center of any processes shaping the country’s future. Ms. Mariam Solaimankhil, MP in exile (Afghanistan) echoed these sentiments: “Afghanistan fell because of a deal made behind closed doors that excluded women. Today, Afghan women are fighting on the front lines.” She warned that the situation in Afghanistan will not remain within its borders if the international community fails to act and called on other countries and stakeholders to raise their voices and pursue accountability at all levels. Recognizing Gender Apartheid During the roundtable, speakers emphasized the need to codify gender apartheid as a crime under international law. Dr. Ewelina Ochab, senior program lawyer at the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), explained that naming and prosecuting gender apartheid is a critical step to ending impunity. She highlighted positive developments in legal avenues for accountability, such as the State Party referral supporting the International Criminal Court (ICC)’s investigation into Afghanistan, and the two applications for arrest warrants filed by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC. Additionally, she welcomed the initiative by Australia, Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands before the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Committee, supported by 26 governments, calling on Afghanistan to cease violations of the Convention. She stressed the need for further action, such as bringing the case before the International Court of Justice, which remains a long-awaited development by the Afghan people. Mr. Richard Bennett, UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Afghanistan, emphasized the need for an “all-tools approach” to accountability, ensuring that Afghan women’s rights are central to all international responses. In his latest report, he detailed how the Taliban have instrumentalized Afghanistan’s justice system to impose a repressive and deeply misogynistic order. “Justice should not be a privilege,” he affirmed, underscoring the urgent need to create conditions in which Afghan women and girls can live with dignity and freedom. Mr. Bennett called for gender-competent investigations, including the use of universal jurisdiction. He urged countries to: Support the establishment of an independent accountability mechanism under the UN Human Rights Council this October to investigate violations under international human rights and humanitarian law. Provide sustained political and financial support to Afghan civil society organizations. Increase resettlement opportunities. Ensure the safe, meaningful participation of Afghan women in all peace, security, and accountability processes. Ms. Valeria Babără, legal advisor at Women’s Initiative for Gender Justice, addressed the long-standing gap in recognizing gender harm, warning that codification does not guarantee accountability. She urged stakeholders to support efforts to codify gender apartheid, champion its inclusion in the draft Crimes against Humanity Treaty, and amplify Afghans’ demands through dedicated resolutions. Empowering Afghan Voices Ms. Mónica Adame, PGA secretary-general, concluded the roundtable with a shared call to action: to ensure Afghan voices remain visible, supported, and empowered. She encouraged PGA members to ask their respective Ministers of Foreign Affairs to support ongoing processes of accountability for Afghanistan, including by expediting the case before the ICJ. PGA remains committed to working alongside Afghan parliamentarians in exile and mobilizing its global parliamentary network to help bring accountability and dignity to the people of Afghanistan.

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